Listed below are some new home features worth
considering in a high quality new home.
by Joe Mehaffey
Not that you have to use all of them, or would
even want all of them,
but you might find some interesting features that
you have not thought of for your new home. Many items are relatively
inexpensive to add, others can add substantial cost. All will
add to the quality and convenience of your new home.
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION
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10 foot ceilings basement, main floor, 2nd
floor, garages.
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All door locks to be top quality and "silent" design.
(I like Baldwin Lever Locks inside.)
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All brickwork not supported by a foundation, must
have a steel angle support. Brickwork MUST NOT rest on
or be supported by roof structure.
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Exterior doors to be Fiberglass / foam core
insulated doors. I like iButton Electronic Locks for exterior doors. See: http://ibuttonlock.com/product/Residential.htm
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Exterior walls and chimneys shall be brick for long life
and low maintenance.
-
Major building timbers to be bolted together with
0.5 inch or larger carriage bolts (or equal) (including
critical roof timbers) for maximum tornado protection.
Roof and walls to have frequent cross bracing
at strategic points for structural integrity.
Exterior framed walls shall use plywood sheathing fastened with cement
coated nails or screws for maximum strength. (Applies to both brick
veneer and siding houses.)
-
Wood sill plate structure to be
bolted to poured concrete foundation at regular
intervals of approximately 6 feet or to local building code.
Bolts to be "poured in place" L-type as opposed to taper lock
type added after the concrete is poured.
-
Concrete foundation to be 10 inch
nominal
with 4 inch brick ledge. Brick ledge to begin at
least
two bricks below nominal grade (Nominal grade is dirt level 7
feet from wall at all points. Note: Dirt
piled against brick to provide drainage
shall not be deemed to raise the nominal grade.)
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Install 2" rigid insulation designed for below grade
installation outside poured concrete walls and
foundation over (outside of) waterproofing. Waterproofing
to be "RubberWall" brand or approved equal with lifetime waterproofing
guarantee.
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Behind Brick walls and above grade, use 0.5"
Sheathing Grade plywood with Tyvec housewrap covering ALL plywood
surfaces of the entire house. Including unheated and attic
areas.)
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2" x 6" framing studs and high density 6
inch fiberglass insulation bats will be used on ALL exterior walls.
TYVEC 6 mil infiltration wrap to be applied on all exterior walls
(on top of plywood sheathing) to permit water vapor migration to outside
while minimizing exterior air migration, prior to installing brick.
Note: Foamed in Place insulation or tight fitting 5-1/2 inch Styrofoam
batts are preferable to fiberglass if available.
-
Prior to installation of insulation and after wires, pipes,
ducts, etc. are installed, carefully caulk and seal every single crack
and crevice on all outside walls with cans of foaming sealant (such as
"Great Stuff"). Seal all holes all around the house up
and downstairs where pipes and wires run between floors and be ESPECIALLY
careful in and around the kitchen areas. Check every underground
pipe and wire entrance to make sure it is well sealed FROM BOTH THE OUTSIDE
and the inside before the pipes/wires are covered. The effort
is to frustrate the entrance of ants, roaches, termites and
other vermin from the outside AND if they get in, prevent them from
traveling between rooms or floors via cracks. (This is a job easily
done by the homeowner at the proper time. I did this in my own home
(using about 90 cans of Great Stuff) and we have been here 12 years without
an exterminator and without ants, roaches, etc.)
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In Garages, bathrooms, kitchens, and any other areas where
sheet rock is or may be exposed to moisture, use type
WR water resistant sheet rock.
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Studs on 16 inch centers., Floor joists on 12 inch
centers for all 16 ft spans to minimize squeaks and increase floor
rigidity..
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Fasten all sheet rock with glue AND
screws to studs. (not nails as nails tend to back out
over time). NOTE: Holes for electrical
outlet boxes and similar are to be cut BEFORE the sheetrock
is nailed and glued to the wall. If this is not done,
the sheet rock WILL fail to lay flat in many places and the switch
and outlet covers will not lay flat when the workers come back
and cut the outlet box holes after the glue has dried.
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All chimneys and flues shall be equipped with bird screens
and a metal chimney top cover and flue top cover to prevent water intrusion
into the top of the chimney or into the flue itself.
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Any siding shall be commercial grade Concrete siding for
long life. Pilot holes for the nails MUST be drilled in the
siding prior to nailing to avoid weakening the concrete siding due
to "punch out" around the nail hole on the rear of the sheet.
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All Subfloors to be Plywood
and glued
and screwed to floor joists, not
nailed.
NO PARTICLE OR FLAKEBOARD ALLOWED. I like a subfloor consisting of TWO
layers of 3/4" plywood, glued and screwed down to the floor joists. The
second layer of plywood is glued and screwed on top of the first with a
different lay pattern. This on top of a 12" spacing floor joist
system gives exceptional rigidity and absence of "squeaky fllors".
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Any steps and porches need a footing like everything else
so as to avoid settling.
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Use only 3500 psi or better, 4in slump
concrete mix, heavy wire mesh and/or re-bar reinforcement
in all slabs. Use the techniques in Joe Mehaffey's "How to make Quality
Concrete Slabs" article as an installation guide for slabs
and driveways. Driveways need no gravel under the
concrete but must be laid on dry and tamped earth. (Tamping
means using a mechanical piston tamper OR road roller. Rolling over
with a bobcat or similar does not count. If any concrete worker
tells you that "Gravel is self tamping", fire him at once as he does not
know what he is talking about and may try and cut corners in many ways
on your concrete slab job. ) ALWAYS have a concrete engineer present
to inspect PRIOR to pouring to see if subsurface preparation has been done
properly and DURING the time a slab is poured IF you want the slab
to end up with minimum cracking and long life. Concrete paving can
last 3 years or 50 years without major problems. It just depends
on the quality of the installation and materials. Residential
Concrete workmen are (in our area at least) the least likely to do a quality
job of all the crafts used in homebuilding. There ARE exceptions
who do great work. (Artcraft Concrete and Howard Concrete Construction
are two that I know of in the Atlanta area).
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Prior to Concrete wall pouring, insert (hang
with wall ties through the pipe or otherwise) short lengths of proper
size plastic pipe or other forms (couplings on both ends and
ends covered with heavy metal foil) into places in wall where cables
and pipes must come through. Size so that when wall ties are installed
the pipe inserts are tight against the forms on BOTH sides.
(When walls are poured and forms removed, metal foil can be punched
out and mating plastic pipe can be inserted from both
sides and a GOOD seal around the pipe is automatic.)
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ALL wall and roof sheathing to be PLYWOOD and not
particle or flake board. Use tongue and groove
sheathing. Roof and exterior sheathing to be 5/8"
CDX grade exterior plywood, tongue and groove.
Other sheathing sized as required.
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Gutters, Aluminum gutters and downspouts,
downspouts size = 3 x 4 inch nominal. Gutters shall be large cross
section and be fitted with drain connections sized 3x4
inches to match gutters. Gutters shall have good
quality galvanized steel gutter guards fitted throughout.
Gutters feed into rigid plastic drain pipe and delivered
to storm sewer as appropriate. Individual drain
pipe, 4 inch, feed multiples
into 6 inch pipe or larger as
engineering requirements dictate so as to
handle largest expected waterflow. At no point is a gutter
to dump directly onto a roof surface.
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Kitchen to have walk in PANTRY with supported wood
(or other as desired) shelves all around and down to
within 2.5 feet of floor. Walk way 4 feet wide.
Shelf depth 16 inches. Shelf spacing starting at floor,
27 inches, 13 inches, 13 inches, 13 inches,
13 inches, 13 inches, 13 inches.
Shelves to support heavy loads of canned goods without distortion.
GARAGE:
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Garage is minimum 25 ft x 25 ft in size for a 2 car garage.
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Garage doors to be 10 ft. width and minimum 8ft height.
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Garage to have 10ft ceilings.
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Breezeway or other outside area where rain may blow
is a few inches (or one step) lower than both main level of garage and main level
of house to prevent possibility of rainwater washing
into garage or house in heavy wind blown rain.
-
Floor of both the upper and lower level of garage will
slightly slope (about 1" per 20ft.) toward garage doors to
prevent water collection in garages. Extra care in concrete
finishing will be used to prevent water puddling in the garages.
INSULATION:
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Styrofoam batts or foamed in place insulation have the
best available R-factors and provide the best protection against air intrusion
through the walls. FiberGlass batts are OK but not as energy
efficient as the Styrofoam batts.
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Exterior walls to have 2 x 6 timbers and
maximum insulation. This includes walls adjoining unheated
areas such as garages and storage rooms.
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Stairwell areas shall be treated as HEATED AREAS
and shall have insulation on the outside wall and have insulation
and sheet rock applied to stairwell walls inside if the stairwell
is enclosed and is to be treated as an unheated area.
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ALL upstairs Ceilings and exterior ceilings of all types
to be R38 (14 inch Fiberglass) insulation or (better
yet) batts of styrafoam as thick as possible in ceilings will improve
the energy efficiency of the house.
-
HVAC ducts to be sealed with tape and
wrapped
with minimum 2 inch insulation. Better to use 4inches of
duct insulation in unheated areas. DO NOT put HVAC ducts into
unheated attic spaces. Use interior ductways so as to minimize
exterior heating and cooling losses. Mastic sealant
to be used as required on all joints to prevent air leakage at
joints.
(Better NOT to use insulation on the INSIDE of ducts as such insulation
tends to trap dust and can result in mold and allergy problems.
Do NOT use non-metallic ducts for the same reason.)
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Foam Sheathing 2 inch insulation rated for below
ground level installation along entire exterior basement foundation
below first floor level. Insulation shall be protected
against damage during backfill of foundation
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Walls between Master Bath/Living Room, Dining Room/Family
Room, Dining Room/Pantry, Family Room/MBR
closets to be insulated with 4 inch insulation
for sound deadening and to prevent heat loss when
adjacent rooms are not heated.
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Walls between ALL bedrooms and adjacent to
either the family room, Hallways or other bedrooms shall
be constructed using a six inch thick wall with staggered 2x4s on 8 inch
centers for sound deadening. 4 inch insulation will be
installed horizontally in these walls interleaving between the vertical
2x4 studs for insulation and additional sound deadening.
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Vapor barrier (interior under sheetrock,
on exterior walls and walls adjacent to unheated areas)
6 mil Visqueen (or equal Polyethylene) film over paper vapor
barrier on all exterior wall and exterior
ceiling insulation. Note: This MUST be on the INTERIOR of the studs.
Tyvec (which breathes and allows moisture to escape) must be used
on exterior to prevent trapping moisture inside the walls.
-
Exterior Wind Barrier TYVEC 6 mil or equal
over all exterior sheathing prior to brick or siding installation
To be installed STRICTLY in accord with manufacturer's
instructions including installation of sill seal and putting TYVEC
under sills using ¼” to ½” foam seal under sill plate to
prevent air infiltration (and incidentally to prevent insect infiltration into the structure).
PLUMBING SYSTEM:
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No water pipes to run up exterior
walls or in walls adjacent to unheated spaces.
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No water pipes in attic or in unheated attic floors.
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All water supply pipes to be insulated copper pipe. Copper
is quieter and much more reliable than plastic pipe in normal water systems.
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Cold water feed pipe from street to house to be
2 inch copper (to support fire sprinkler system).
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Bring 2 inch pipe to main house cutoff inside house.
Output of 2 inch house cutoff to Tee drop to
1 inch to feed pressure regulator and TEE drop
(in front of regulator) to 3/4 to feed outdoor building mounted
faucets. Plumber to plug off one 2 inch feed
fitted with 2 inch female pipe thread for
use by fire sprinkler system. This fire feed located
in the mechanical equipment room. Note: Pipe size may be adjusted
to suit particular home size and fire sprinkler system needs.
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Main domestic water feed line to have drain at low
point inside house.
-
Output of water pressure regulator to be 1 inch and continue to
water heater. (Regulator set to 40 psig.)
Drop offs at half inch as required for individual
outlets (Except tub in master bath at 3/4 inch). Cold water pipe
to continue at 1 inch as far as master bath.
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All hot water pipes in building to be insulated with closed
cell 3/4 inch (1 inch better still) polyfoam insulation throughout
house.
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All water waste pipes INSIDE STRUCTURE to be cast iron
for noise control. Wastes from individual sinks may be
plastic from sink to floor under sink.
A maximum 1 ft VERTICAL (only)
plastic connection pipe is allowed to toilets, showers and tubs for
ease of connection if required. Underslab waste pipes to be PVC schedule
40 pressure type pipe.
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Bidet in Master Bathroom.
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Two 50 gallon hot water heaters connected
in series. (Water heaters to be 50
gallon BEST GRADE from Home Depot or approved
equal.) Heater #1 set to warm water
to 80F, Heater #2 set to warm water to 125F.
Feed from pressure regulator to hot water heater, 1 inch.
Feed from hot water heater to first main branch, 1 inch.
(I know the water heater outlet is 3/4 inch.). Note:
In times of normal water use, the “preheat to 80F tank” has little
standby heat loss. In summer the preheat tank will run very little. The temperature setting of the preheat tank can
be adjusted upward for guest visits or unusual needs.
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Closed loop with water circulating pump to
be provided for instant hot water.
(Hot water pipes and recirculate pipes (1/2" return lines OK) all fully insulated.
Circulating pump can be wired to turn on based on a thermostat positioned
at the end of the return line OR it can be wired to turn on when any bathroom
light turns on if more energy conservation is required. A flapper
type check valve shall be fitted (sitting horizontally) in the circulation
water return pipe near the water heater to prevent backflow when hot water
is used.
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All water feed Pipe size 3/4 inch minimum. Feeds
inside walls to individual faucets 0.5 inch minimum. (except tub faucets
in Master bath 3/4 inch)
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Each shower to have shelf to hold shampoo,
etc.
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Floors in front of shower, tub, toilets, bidet, and tub(s) (or perhaps the entire MBR floor)
shall have electrical heat pads buried in grout under tile and shall be
thermostatically controlled by control in bath area. A timer can be installed to control heat times.
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One outdoor faucet to be installed each of the four sides
of the house. These outdoor faucets are to be sourced
with CITY WATER PRESSURE and connected in front of the pressure
regulator but after the house cutoff valve. Outside faucets to
have cutoff and drain inside house. Single cutoff and
drain at low point OK. Outside Faucet piping to
be 3/4 inch copper pipe. (Note: "No Freeze" type faucets are required.)
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Drains in basement floor ( multiple
places as required for proper drainage), (with trap),
one at location of hot water heater for over temperature
drain. One at location of furnaces in equipment
room. Drains to storm drain.
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Stub in drains (only) for one standard toilet,
shower, and wash basin in basement or other places where you
MIGHT want a fixture later. This is inexpensive when the house is
being built. Costly later..
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All miscellaneous valves, cutoffs, hose faucets,
to be high quality brass. Use full port "ball" type valves for all cutoff valves.
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Cornice lighting in tray ceiling around 4
sides of Family room. Use Lithonia dimable fixtures with T-8
fluorescents hidden behind cornices
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Fireplaces shall have insert of high efficiency type
with external source for combustion air and integral
damper. Heatalator Mark 4 or approved equal. (Note: I have second
thoughts about Heatalator as my furnance insert has developed flue gas
leakage into the output warm air duct after 8 years of relatively low use
of the fireplace. I had to block the heat outlets in the hallway
behind the fireplace to eliminate this problem.)
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Gas Lighter for Fireplace.
FLOORS
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Sub floors (all over the house) to be two layers of tongue
and groove plywood SCREWED AND GLUED to floor joists. Bottom layer
3/4 inch, top layer 5/8 or 3/4 inch. The two layers of plywood
shall be glued and screwed together.
Make sure adjacent plywood panels and layers are overlapped
and NOT installed postage stamp style.
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Wood floors shall be tongue and groove Oak with
4 coats of polyurethane coating with sanding between each coat.
HVAC
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High efficiency to SUPER good sense
standards Furnace efficiency to be 95%, HVAC/Heat Pump
SEER >18. Individual control of room temperature shall be provided
using dampers and controls as required.
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Central heat exchanger (E-Z vent system) to provide fresh
air to home with minimum heat loss/gain. Minimum fresh
air heat exchange efficiency, 85%.
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HVAC Condensing unit to have efficiency rating
SEER >=18. A dual fuel HEAT PUMP is desirable with SEER >= 18 and EER>= 9.
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Straight (ONE 45 degree elbow MAX) 8 inch plastic
pipe from HVAC equipment area in basement to Condensing
unit area. Pipe to convey refrigerant tubing and wiring.
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All HVAC air ducts will be INSULATED to R6 minimum
AND TAPED with aluminum duct tape. Mastic Sealant on joints instead of duct tape is PREFERRED.
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All HVAC ducts will be sheet metal. Fabric,
fiberglass or plastic ducts not permitted, not even short lengths.
- Refrigerant Liquid lines to have a) dryer and
b) moisture indicating Sporlan or Mueller sight glass.
Sight glass to be installed near evaporators and downstream of filter dryers.
- Provide minimum 7 conductor control cable,
minimum 18ga wire, from each furnace to each condensing unit/heat pump
to allow for future needs.
- Provide minimum 10ga service to each
condensing unit/heat pump from breaker panel to minimize long term
wiring energy losses. (Assumes nominal 15 amp running load for
outside equipment.)
COMMUNICATIONS and ELECTRICAL
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Every room to have minimum of 2 telephone outlets.
4 pair cable to each room from 66B blocks in equipment
room. 5 pair copper cable AND future use fiber optic
cable to street from equipment room to street.
-
If the house is a large one, consider a small PBX
phone system instead of an intercom system. A PBX can be just as
inexpensive and offers more capabilities.
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All utilities: Cable TV, Telephone, Water, Gas, Electric,
etc. to use Underground utilities to street.
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Ethernet LAN outlets to be installed to multiple areas
per owner direction. Minimum one outlet: a) behind/beside refrigerator and oven,
b) at utility desk area in kitchen, c) two in office area, d) one
at each potential TV location in house and e) as may be further required
by owner.
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Basement to have Electric/telephone/EMS/furnace equipment
room. Inside of furnace room to be fire resistant sheet
rock on ceiling and walls.
-
TV coax outlets to ALL bedrooms,
Kitchen, 4
ports in Family Room. Use RG-6 (or better) cable. You might
want fiber cable from equipment room to "hard to reach" areas where you
might, in future, have multimedia equipment. Wires
to run to electrical
equipment room to amplifier and splitters and then on to
future roof
antenna. TWO RG-6, direct bury cables from cable TV source
to equipment room are to be provided. (One cable is a spare.)
Two RG-6 Coax cables plus 7 conductor #18 cable to be run from
equipment room to attic area for possible future use with exterior
Satellite TV antenna system.
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Provide the following
underground
wiring from electrical equipment room to
telephone pole or other utility
access at front of property, a) 5 pair direct bury telephone
feed, b) dual direct bury RG-6 coax cable for CATV, (Use
jacketed direct bury rated FoamFlex if run exceeds 300ft.) c)
fiber optic cable for future TV/Communication Services use.
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If the property has an access gate, provide
the following wiring from Equipment room to point at
front of property where gate is to be located.
a) RG-6 cable for possible TV camera use, b) 7 conductor
#18 control cable, c) 12-3 with ground UF
cable for gatepost lights and gate operator motor power. Coil 25
feet of each cable and bury for safekeeping until final
decision on gate location is made. Make sure cable is
buried where it will not be damaged by grading operations.
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Door Bells on front door and side doors as may be
used for access by visitors or deliverymen.
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Each electrical outlet in the MBR, Family Room,
Library, and all bedrooms (and other rooms as directed by owner) shall have one switched and
one unswitched receptacle. (except dedicated purpose outlets).
Selected locations shall have double duplex outlets as required.
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TouchPlate system shall be used for lighting control.
Connections to Building Automation System with manual override in normal switch
positions shall be used to provide timed turnoff of any light left on for
an extended period.
-
Use TouchPlate switches and Westinghouse GHBS
remote control in conjunction with HI
Solutions total building automation system.
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Transient suppressers shall be located in fuse panel
and on incoming phone lines (including those lines to pool houses, guest houses and other
outbuildings) to prevent lightning damage to equipment and to protect all
household appliances from potential lightning damage.
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Provide underground utilities to a) front yard,
b) back yard, etc., c) point where feed for driveway
lights would be made and to any other place where future electrical
outlets, lights may be required. (Cheap to put in at first,
expensive after the building is complete.)
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Provide 3 inch pipe chase from basement to each attic
area so that future wiring additions will be easy to route.
SECURITY SYSTEM
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Monitor all exterior doors, 2 sensors on French
Doors.
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Monitor all first floor windows
and any upstairs windows accessible from roof areas.
Use either magnetic switches or motion detectors as appropriate.
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Monitor all deadbolt locks for "LOCKED" condition on annunciator
panel so remote doors can be checked for being locked easily.
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Audible alarm output located in attic areas with audio
directed outside toward where the fire and burglar alarms can be heard.
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Rotating light output located on roof for fire and burglar
alarm to give visual indication to police and firemen.
-
Alarm System Entrance switches at a) kitchen entrance,
b) porch entrance, c) Master BedRoom and d) any other doors
which may be used for exit and lock up. If in doubt, put a
wire in the wall for possible future use.
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Fire alarm sensors (smoke detectors or heat detectors
as appropriate) in all rooms (except low risk closets) including Kitchen,
Basement (multiple as required), All bedrooms,
Furnace Room, Dining Room, Library, hallways and Media Rooms.
Don't forget smoke detectors in garages and areas where lawn equipment
may be stored.
-
Radio Alarm output to monitoring station or telephone
to alarm monitoring station as an alternative.
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Temperature (fire) sensors in all attic areas.
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Video cameras shall monitor outside areas and movement
shall cause one frame per second recording from each camera on computer
based security recording system. Data storage shall permit nominal
one month of stored recordings. Owner optionally may select
cameras as desired for display on any TV in the house.
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A whole house fire sprinkler system
meeting the NFPA 13D home sprinkler standard
shall be installed. No fire sprinkler piping or equipment
shall be installed on exterior walls, or walls adjacent to
unheated spaces or in unheated attic areas. (A
fire sprinkler system using fire sprinkler rated plastic pipe can cost
as little as 1 or 2% of your home cost, depends on home layout.)
-
Access control gate at front of fenced property,
controlled automatically by use of vehicle sensors, timers, day/night
sensors and/or the building automation system. Radio control allows
access for residents when gate is locked.
-
Lightning rods on roof of house shall be installed in
accord with building standards and engineering requirements and grounded
to a minimum #4 wire buried completely around the house encapsulated within
in the concrete footing. The lightning rod discharge wiring
shall be grounded not less than 5 different places around the footing to
LOOPS of the #4 wire left protruding from the footing.
LAWN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
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Lawn Sprinklers to have Hunter components.
Sprinkler system can use plastic pipe and components.
Sprinkler shall feed off 1-1/4 inch line OUTSIDE of house. Cutoff
valve to be located on copper 1 1/4 inch line prior to
changeover to plastic pipe. (Lawn Sprinkler is
usually not a part of building project.)
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Drip irrigation will be provided for all flower beds,
shrubs and planting areas as required so as to conserve irrigation water.
-
Place 4 inch PVC sleeves (or other sizes as appropriate)
at strategic places under driveways, under walks, into the
house, as may be needed later. Consider such future options
as Lawn sprinklers, lawn lighting, addition phone lines to
the pool, patio, future pool house, guest house, future
need for fiber optic cable entry and etc. It is almost trivial and
extremely low cost to place such pipes during construction. VERY
expensive later.
Comments? Questions? Additions? This article
is continuously a "work in progress" and we welcome comments and additions
from Architects, Engineers, Builders and Craftsmen.
Thanks!
Email Joe
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